The NHS Constitution sets out a number of rights that every patient in England is entitled to. Many people don't know what these are — or that they can actually be used.
The right to be involved in decisions about your care
You have the right to be involved in decisions about your treatment and care. This means your GP should explain your options, listen to your preferences, and take them into account. You don't have to accept a treatment plan you don't understand or haven't agreed to.
The right to a second opinion
If you're not confident in a diagnosis or proposed treatment, you can ask for a second opinion. You don't have to justify this request. A GP may refer you to a specialist, or you may be able to seek an opinion from another GP within your practice.
The right to see your medical records
You have the right to access your own medical records under both the NHS Constitution and the UK GDPR. You can request your records from your GP surgery, and they must respond within one month. Most GP surgeries now offer online access to records through the NHS App.
The right to confidentiality
Your medical information is confidential and can only be shared with others — including family members — with your explicit consent, except in very limited circumstances (such as serious risk to public health).
The right to complain
If you're unhappy with the care you've received, you have the right to complain. Every NHS organisation has a formal complaints process. You can also contact the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman if you feel your complaint hasn't been handled properly.
The right to access care within maximum waiting times
The NHS has legally mandated maximum waiting time standards. For example, you should be seen in A&E within four hours of arrival, and you have the right to start consultant-led treatment within 18 weeks of referral.
Practical steps
Knowing your rights is only useful if you feel empowered to exercise them. If something doesn't feel right during an appointment, it's okay to ask for clarification, push back politely, or request a follow-up. You are entitled to good care, and advocating for yourself is not a burden — it's your right.